young alexander the great wiki

[17] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. … [237] Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius's mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death. [177] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. [32] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. Caligula was said to have taken Alexander's breastplate from the tomb for his own use. At Termessos, Alexander humbled but did not storm the Pisidian city. [144] He developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. At first, all went well. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near Magnesia by the Achaemenids under the command of the mercenary Memnon of Rhodes. [265], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard. Hephaestion was a friend, companion and a general in the army of Alexander. [146] Another theory is that his successors wilfully or erroneously misheard "tôi Kraterôi"—"to Craterus", the general leading his Macedonian troops home and newly entrusted with the regency of Macedonia. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. [188] Alexander also recognized the potential for disunity among his diverse army, which employed various languages and weapons. This cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen, and he eventually abandoned it. Alexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 BC. He found the Thessalian army occupying the pass between Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, and ordered his men to ride over Mount Ossa. [144], Given the propensity of the Macedonian aristocracy to assassination,[147] foul play featured in multiple accounts of his death. The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. [177] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "tôi kratistôi"—"to the strongest". Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: ὁ Μέγας), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. Osprey Publishing. [110] It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis. Directed by Phil Karlson. [108], A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. [208] His delusions of grandeur are readily visible in his will and in his desire to conquer the world,[150] in as much as he is by various sources described as having boundless ambition,[209][210] an epithet, the meaning of which has descended into an historical cliché. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian … [108] The cities' locations reflected trade routes as well as defensive positions. [23][26][27][28] This gave the Macedonian court a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of the innovations in the management of the Macedonian state. [42] Alexander reacted by sending an actor, Thessalus of Corinth, to tell Pixodarus that he should not offer his daughter's hand to an illegitimate son, but instead to Alexander. He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon. [180], Dissension and rivalry soon afflicted the Macedonians, however. [17], When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. [192], The semi-legendary Alexander Romance also suggests that Alexander exhibited heterochromia iridum: that one eye was dark and the other light.[193]. The young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor and pharaoh of Egypt became 'great king' of Persia at the age of 25. [150][159], Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. [255] On the Silk Road trade routes, Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures. Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 16:29, 7 Mei 2017. [40] During the wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the gods that the union would produce a legitimate heir. He had a high complexion and a harsh voice. 2010. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. Greek biographer Plutarch (c.  45 – c. 120 AD) describes Alexander's appearance as: The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. Durin… Alexander was conceived during a brief encounter between Worf and K'Ehleyr when, in 2365, the ambassador came aboard the USS Enterprise-D in an effort to defuse a potential crisis presented by the return of a Klingon D7 class battle cruiser, the IKS T'Ong, that had been dispatched decades before as a sleeper ship. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[148] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. Tarsos mint. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. Meanwhile, the city of Amphissa began to work lands that were sacred to Apollo near Delphi, a sacrilege that gave Philip the opportunity to further intervene in Greek affairs. [288] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: اسکندرنامه‎ Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. In the end, Philip chose Aristotle and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. Known by many names, Alexander, Iskandar, and Alexandros, he was the young prince of the small kingdom of Macedonia in the 4th Century BC, said to have been the son of Zeus in many stories despite absence of clear evidence. Alexander "Lex" Luthor was the oldest son of Lionel and Lillian Luthor. Image credit: Charles Laplante (1837–1903) via wikipedia. [161][162] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. [195], Ancient authors recorded that Alexander was so pleased with portraits of himself created by Lysippos that he forbade other sculptors from crafting his image. During this period of his life, he spent much of his time training as a soldier, studying philosophy and political sciences, and reading great … Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula 19. 1-month free trial! This campaign, initially against Bessus, turned into a grand tour of central Asia. Aristotle teaches young Alexander. [289], According to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when he entered Jerusalem, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire. Aristotle was a tutor worthy of the prince so Philip employed him and paid a handsome and appropriate fee. [15] Such legends may have emerged when Alexander was king, and possibly at his instigation, to show that he was superhuman and destined for greatness from conception. When Alexander reached age 13, Philip summoned Aristotle to the Macedonian court. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. [140][141] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander, and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon, as well as a decree for public mourning. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and archers to prevent outflanking movements, while massing his cavalry at the center. [108], In 334 BC, Alexander the Great donated funds for the completion of the new temple of Athena Polias in Priene, in modern-day western Turkey. Alexander the Great. It included: The enormous scale of these plans has led many scholars to doubt their historicity. Alexander immediately headed south. [235], According to Diodorus Siculus, Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly, "not wishing to offend the Macedonians",[236] showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body". The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. This ensured that Alexander would not be outflanked, while his phalanx, armed with long pikes, had a considerable advantage over the Persians' scimitars and javelins. [71] In the following year, 332 BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. [244][245] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. King Darius III was defeated and killed after the Battle of Gaugamela. [17] Of these, Arrian is generally considered the most reliable, given that he used Ptolemy and Aristobulus as his sources, closely followed by Diodorus. Philip then returned to Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, who both rejected it. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" Left to fight alone, they were defeated. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander is reported to have saved his father's life. ... 16 years old son with the power to rule Macedonia in his absence as regent, which shows that even at such young age Alexander was recognized as quite capable. [80] After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold fell, but not before Alexander had received a serious shoulder wound. [156][157] Another poisoning explanation put forward in 2010 proposed that the circumstances of his death were compatible with poisoning by water of the river Styx (modern-day Mavroneri in Arcadia, Greece) that contained calicheamicin, a dangerous compound produced by bacteria. 74. Around AD 200, Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to the public. [206], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image. Demades likened the Macedonian army, after the death of Alexander, to the blinded Cyclops, due to the many random and disorderly movements that it made. "[230] Some modern historians (e.g., Robin Lane Fox) believe not only that Alexander's youthful relationship with Hephaestion was sexual, but that their sexual contacts may have continued into adulthood, which went against the social norms of at least some Greek cities, such as Athens,[231][232] though some modern researchers have tentatively proposed that Macedonia (or at least the Macedonian court) may have been more tolerant of homosexuality between adults. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes and Alexander sustained an injury during the siege. When did Alexander the Great live? [194] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[202] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions. ), summoned as the child aspect known by the name Alexander rather than the adult aspect known as Iskandar . Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. [287] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" [62] Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir, his son Alexander IV by Roxane being born after Alexander's death. attempt". At the time of his death, Alexander's empire covered some 5,200,000 km2 (2,000,000 sq mi),[239] and was the largest state of its time. With William Shatner, Adam West, John Cassavetes, John Doucette. [13] According to the ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, on the eve of the consummation of her marriage to Philip, Olympias dreamed that her womb was struck by a thunderbolt that caused a flame to spread "far and wide" before dying away. [76] [61] Alexander then set out on his Asian campaign, leaving Antipater as regent. [82] He was pronounced son of the deity Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert. When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala. [c] Military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics. [140][227] This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months. Alexander won the 1969 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway production of The Great White Hope.Other Broadway credits include, 6 Rms Riv Vu (1972), The Night of the Iguana (1988), The Sisters Rosensweig (1993) and Honour (1998). Nevertheless, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states. [93] Plutarch recounts an anecdote in which Alexander pauses and talks to a fallen statue of Xerxes as if it were a live person: Shall I pass by and leave you lying there because of the expeditions you led against Greece, or shall I set you up again because of your magnanimity and your virtues in other respects? However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion. [189] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3 km (1.86 mi). All three of these people had motive to have Philip murdered. 336-323 BC. Their works are lost, but later works based on these original sources have survived. [234] Two of these pregnancies — Stateira's and Barsine's — are of dubious legitimacy. His parents were Philip II, the King of Macedon and Olympia, daughter of King Neoptolemus. Alexander III 'the Great'. Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. [20], Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. [298], In Greek Anthology there are poems referring to Alexander.[299][300]. [241], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. [134][135] As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "See there," said he, "the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. [289] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. The cosmopolitan art and mythology of Gandhara (a region spanning the upper confluence of the Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers in modern Pakistan) of the ~3rd century BC to the ~5th century AD are most evident of the direct contact between Hellenistic civilization and South Asia, as are the Edicts of Ashoka, which directly mention the Greeks within Ashoka's dominion as converting to Buddhism and the reception of Buddhist emissaries by Ashoka's contemporaries in the Hellenistic world. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. [289] In Egypt, Alexander was portrayed as the son of Nectanebo II, the last pharaoh before the Persian conquest. https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filem_Young_Alexander_the_Great&oldid=3983855, Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa, Sam Heughan, Lauren Cohan, Christopher Cazenove. Martin has described him as essentially the Alexander the Great of Westeros, in the sense that he was a young, preternaturally skilled genius at military tactics. [115] However, Alexander's constant demands for troops and the migration of Macedonians throughout his empire depleted Macedon's strength, greatly weakening it in the years after Alexander, and ultimately led to its subjugation by Rome after the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC).[17]. [286], Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. [17], Alexander's most immediate legacy was the introduction of Macedonian rule to huge new swathes of Asia. Nicolle, David (2000). It eventually became the property of a Chinese Emperor of the Tang Dynasty. [105] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. Anaximenes, also accompanied him on his campaigns. [207] He had great charisma and force of personality, characteristics which made him a great leader. [33], As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness, which Alexander accepted, and held a great banquet for several thousand of his men at which he and them ate together. [277], Pausanias writes that Alexander wanted to dig through the Mimas mountain (today at the Karaburun area), but he didn't succeed. This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. When Onesicritus read this passage to his patron, Alexander's general and later King Lysimachus reportedly quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. [62], According to ancient writers Demosthenes called Alexander "Margites" (Greek: Μαργίτης)[63][64][65] and a boy. [183] Furthermore, Perdiccas had read the notebooks containing Alexander's last plans to the Macedonian troops in Babylon, who voted not to carry them out.[62]. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. [112] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. [23][24][25] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. [255] Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes,[258] and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practised by the ancient Greeks; however, similar practices were also observed amongst the native Indic culture. [10] He was the son of the king of Macedon, Philip II, and his fourth wife, Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace. [77][78] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity. [255] The process of Hellenization also spurred trade between the east and west. [196] Lysippos had often used the contrapposto sculptural scheme to portray Alexander and other characters such as Apoxyomenos, Hermes and Eros. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. [107] The Greeks regarded the gesture as the province of deities and believed that Alexander meant to deify himself by requiring it. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. [159], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). [34], After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war. [30], Upon Philip's return, he dispatched Alexander with a small force to subdue revolts in southern Thrace. [194] Although Alexander was stubborn and did not respond well to orders from his father, he was open to reasoned debate. [90] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. [59], News then reached Alexander that Cleitus, King of Illyria, and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hēgemṓn (Greek: ἡγεμών) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in the establishment of several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs. However, Alexander met with resistance at Gaza. [287], In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. In 343/342 B.C., when Alexander was 13-year-old prince, his father, Philip II, Macedonian ruler of the kingdom of Macedon from 359 B.C. He had a great desire for knowledge, a love for philosophy, and was an avid reader. [178], Arrian and Plutarch claimed that Alexander was speechless by this point, implying that this was an apocryphal story. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. [289], The figure of Dhul-Qarnayn (literally "the Two-Horned One") mentioned in the Quran is believed by scholars to be based on later legends of Alexander. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[285] containing many dubious stories,[283] and was translated into numerous languages. According to the ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time. [243][244][245][246], Libanius wrote that Alexander founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios (Ancient Greek: Βοττιαίου Δῖός), in the place where later the city of Antioch was built. From the 4th Century BC, the young prince of the Kingdom of Macedonia. KINGS of MACEDON. [214] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). [191] In India, confronted by Porus's elephant corps, the Macedonians opened their ranks to envelop the elephants and used their sarissas to strike upwards and dislodge the elephants' handlers.[137]. With the eastern expedition, his military prowess that resounded in the Islamic world derived into many heroic tales and was propagated all over Asia. [31], Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. For other uses, see. "[119] A similar slaughter followed at Ora. [263] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting. [171][172] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus's death. [19], When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. 54). Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only.

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