i am prepared to die

But to us the reason is obvious. If war became inevitable, we wanted to be ready when the time came, and for the fight to be conducted on terms most favourable to our people. By 1961 scores of Africans had died as a result of racial friction. They were feeling their way cautiously and felt that it would be a long time before the possibilities of sabotage were exhausted. Yes but she/he is not mine (at least not yet) no. Death sentences cannot cure the festering sore. a) I did say that I had left the country early in the year to attend the PAFMECSA Conference, that the Conference was opened by the Emperor Haile Selassie who attacked the racial policies of the South African government, and who pledged support to the African people in this country. In 1924 over two hundred Africans were killed when the Administrator of South-West Africa led a force against a group which had rebelled against the imposition of dog tax. Then the second one is also a copy of the Rand Daily Mail of 15th of April 1963, and the article I wish to refer to is on page 2. But, on the contrary, I am an admirer of such a system. He shows his audience exactly what he stands for, which is an ideal that many aspire to achieve. Now My Lord, at this stage I would like to refer very briefly to a number of newspaper cuttings. The white newspapers carried reports that sabotage would be punished by death. We chose to defy the Government. Forty per cent of the Africans live in hopelessly overcrowded and, in some cases, drought-stricken reserves, where soil erosion and the overworking of the soil makes it impossible for them to live properly off the land. Up to that time I had been compelled to live indoors during the daytime and could only venture out under cover of darkness. We decided, therefore, in our preparations for the future, to make provision for the possibility of guerrilla warfare. In fact, My Lord, some of these and a number of later acts were claimed by other organisations. African communists could, and did, become members of the ANC, and some served on the National, Provincial, and local committees. The Magna Carta, the Petition of Rights, the Bill of Rights are documents which are held in veneration by democrats throughout the world. April 20, 2014 marks the fiftieth anniversary of Nelson Mandela’s ‘I am prepared to die’ speech. Already small groups had arisen in the urban areas and were spontaneously making plans for violent forms of political struggle. I now wish, My Lord, to turn to the question of guerrilla warfare and how it came to be considered. And that we were offered all forms of assistance including scholarships for our youth. b) Because of all this, it could not and would not undertake violence. 1. Africans want to perform work which they are capable of doing, and not work which the Government declares them to be capable of. As far as the Communist Party is concerned, and if I understand its policy correctly, it stands for the establishment of a State based on the principles of Marxism. During the Defiance Campaign, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed. I, and the others who started the organisation, did so for two reasons. By subscribing, you agree to SBS’s terms of service and privacy policy including receiving email updates from SBS. In fact, as I will subsequently explain, Umkhonto, as an organisation, was, as far as possible, kept separate from the ANC. How much longer would it take to eradicate the scars of inter-racial civil war, which could not be fought without a great loss of life on both sides? A proclamation had been issued by Umkhonto on the 16th December 1961 announcing the existence of the body and its name had been known for seven months before the time of this meeting. In the long run we felt certain we must succeed, but at what cost to ourselves and the rest of the country? But that I told them that New Age did not necessarily express the policy of our movement, and that I will take up this complaint with New Age and try and use my influence to change their line because it was not our duty to say in what manner any state should achieve its freedom. As already indicated, I returned in July 1962 and was arrested in Natal on the 5th August. Poverty goes hand in hand with malnutrition and disease. If this was so, how could we continue to keep Africans away from terrorism? At that stage I was a member of the African National Congress Youth League, and was one of a group which moved for the expulsion of communists from the ANC. The other main obstacle to the economic advancement of the African is the Industrial Colour Bar under which all the better paid, better jobs of industry are reserved for whites only. His speech, which was made at the beginning of the defence case, ended with the words: “During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. The Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory has a rare typescript of the speech, which Mr Mandela autographed and gave as a gift to a comrade. What were we, the leaders of our people, to do? This makes the white man fear democracy. Evidence dealing with volunteers and their pledges has been introduced into this case, but completely out of context. I also said that Algerians had promised assistance with training and arms. On the 21st of March 1960, sixty-nine unarmed Africans died at Sharpeville. White supremacy implies black inferiority. I did not find evidence of this but nevertheless forbade it, and also insisted that the term “High Command” should not be used to describe any ANC committee. The non-violent policy of the ANC was put in issue by the State, but when the Court gave judgement some five years later, it found that the ANC did not have a policy of violence. This is what we felt at the time, and this is what we said in our Manifesto, Exhibit AD, I quote: "We of Umkhonto we Sizwe have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. This being the fact and my understanding I could not possibly have thought of telling the Regional Command that the Emperor of Ethiopia thought our trainees were better than the Ghanaians. I addressed them on discipline and good behaviour while abroad. Post-note: On June 11, 1964, at the conclusion of the trial, Mandela was found guilty on four charges of sabotage and was sentenced to life imprisonment. My work entailed travelling throughout the country, living now in African townships, then in country villages and again in cities. Forty-three Africans are now being held by Johannesburg police in connection with the petrol bomb attack last week on a store in Pritchard Street, Johannesburg. We were acquitted on all counts, which included a count that the ANC sought to set up a Communist State in place of the existing regime. And what would happen to our people when that stage was reached? These attacks would serve as a source of inspiration to our people and encourage them to participate in non-violent mass action such as strikes. When my Department [audio interference] controls Native education it will know for what class of higher education a Native is fitted, and whether he will have a chance in life to use his knowledge," unquote. These statutes provided harsher penalties for offences committed by way of protests against laws. According to the Bantu Educational Journal, only 5,660 African children in the whole of South Africa passed their Junior Certificate in 1962, and in that year only 362 passed matric. Although it is believed that a number of other Poqo members were arrested on the Reef and in other areas, no figures were available last night. I wish now to deal with some of the exhibits. The incidence of infant mortality is one of the highest in the world. Hundreds and thousands of Africans are thrown into jail each year under pass laws. However, there are also instances when the speaker uses ethos, appealing to trust and authority, and … SBS acknowledges the traditional owners of country throughout Australia. The sabotage in October 1962 could therefore not have had anything to do with my conviction and sentence. The ANC, unlike the Communist Party, admitted Africans only as members. And I had certainly never referred to it as the military wing of the ANC. The full speech transcript is here. I agreed to help him and set to work in an endeavour to do this but I never finished the task as I later became occupied with other practical work which was more important. The M-Plan was referred to in evidence at the Treason Trial but it had nothing whatsoever to do with sabotage or Umkhonto we Sizwe, and was never adopted by Umkhonto. This is what has motivated me in all that I have done in relation to the charges made against me in this case. Theoretical differences, amongst those fighting against oppression, is a luxury which cannot be afforded. In my younger days I held the view that the policy of admitting communists to the ANC, and the close co-operation which existed at times on specific issues between the ANC and the Communist Party, would lead to a watering down of the concept of African Nationalism. On my return in July 1962 I lived in the thatched cottage. When anything has to be carried or cleaned the white man will look around for an African to do it for him, whether the African is employed by him or not. The lack of human dignity experienced by Africans is the direct result of the policy of white supremacy. But before doing so, I wish to revert to certain occurrences said by witnesses to have happened in Port Elizabeth and East London. There is not a day that goes by without somebody being stabbed or assaulted. Ms Neame was sentenced to four years (two years to run concurrently). Our problem, My Lord, was not whether to fight, but was how to continue the fight. There are two ways to break out of poverty. The Mandela Dialogues 2: observations on the process, Reflections from the 2016 Mandela Dialogues, Nelson Mandela International Dialogues 2013-2014, Human Rights Lecture and Roundtable Discussion 2007. here for a full transcript of Mr Mandela’s speech from the dock. In the statement which I am about to make, I shall correct certain false impressions which have been created by State witnesses; amongst other things I will demonstrate that certain of the acts referred to in the evidence were not, and could not have been committed by Umkhonto. I wish to state that it is not my handwriting which appears on Exhibit R23 which was obviously drafted by the person who prepared the lectures. Get the news that matters straight to your inbox. achieve action activities adopted African National Congress agree already application areas arrested authority believe campaign carried charge civil colleagues Communist Party communists conference conscience constitution continue … My Lord, I would like now to deal with the immediate causes. Legislation designed to preserve white supremacy entrenches this notion. Most of the Africans were arrested in Johannesburg's South- Western townships. Even General Chiang Kai-Shek, today one of the bitterest enemies of communism, fought together with the communists against the ruling class in the struggle which led to his assumption of power in China in the 1930s. We want a just share in the whole of South Africa; we want security and a stake in society. The African people were not part of the Government and did not make the laws by which they were governed. Our struggle is a truly national one. But though this may have blurred the distinction between Umkhonto and the ANC, it by no means abolished that distinction. Even after 1949, the ANC remained determined to avoid violence. Africans, who constituted approximately 70 per cent of the population of South Africa, were not entitled to vote, and were not even consulted about the proposed constitutional change. People are afraid to walk alone in the streets after dark. But this was no reason, as I shall presently explain, why I should not use the place. The stay-at-home, in accordance with ANC policy, was to be a peaceful demonstration. Justice De Wet: Yes well before you get there [inaudible] I will take the adjournment. "I meant that and, for me, that means if I am prepared to die, then I am prepared to kill. In 1960 there was the shooting at Sharpeville, which resulted in the proclamation of a State of Emergency and the declaration of the ANC as an unlawful organisation. Particularly disturbing was the type of violence engendered in places such as Zeerust, Sekhukhuneland, and Pondoland amongst Africans. First, we will look at the topic of the speech, which is the fight for equal rights in South Africa. I ask the Court to remember that the present Government has always sought to hamper Africans in their search for education. I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration. To this extent then there was a departure from the original decision of the ANC that it would not take part in violent methods of struggle, but it applied outside South Africa only. Since it is a complex and detailed speech, we will also look at connected themes such as the use of violence, political … Judge: Well Mandela it is time for the court to adjourn. People who believe in equality are not desirable teachers for Natives. When it triumphs as it certainly must, it will not change that policy. Quotes from Nelson Mandela's I Am Prepared To Die Speech. I will not say whom we spoke to, or what they said, but I wish to deal with the role of the African National Congress in this phase of the struggle, and with the policy and objectives of Umkhonto we Sizwe. We of the ANC had always stood for a non-racial democracy, and we shrank from any action which might drive the races further apart than they already were. It indicates the ability to send an email. I must leave myself free to borrow the best from West and from the East. It is born out of a deep commitment to caus e and struggle. Where: Rivonia, Johannesburg, South Africa. But this is also true of many of the leaders of the new independent states. Because of this, there are many Africans who today tend to equate freedom with communism. Poverty and the breakdown of family life have secondary effects. They were, and are, dedicated workers who are prepared to lead campaigns initiated by the ANC to distribute leaflets, to organise strikes, or to do whatever the particular campaign required. The ANC refused to dissolve, but instead went underground. Today I am attracted by the idea of a classless society, an attraction which springs in part from Marxist reading and, in part, from my admiration of the structure and organisation of early African societies in this country. I have denied that I am a communist, and I think in the circumstances I am obliged to state exactly what my political beliefs are in order to explain what my position in Umkhonto was, and what my attitude towards the use of force is. Within the framework of the policy laid down by the National High Command, the Regional Commands had authority to select the targets to be attacked. In the words of my leader, Chief Luthuli, who became President of the ANC, and who was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, I quote: "Who will deny that thirty years of my life have been spent knocking in vain, patiently, moderately, and modestly at a closed and barred door? I disagreed with him and then he asked me to see whether I could redraft the lectures in the simplified form suggested by me. The fact that members of Umkhonto recruited from the ANC, and the fact that persons served both organisations, like Solomon Mbanjwa, did not in our view change the nature of the ANC or give it a policy of violence. Things were happening. Sign up now for the latest news from Australia and around the world direct to your inbox. There is sabotage, there is guerrilla warfare, there is terrorism, and there is open revolution. Haganah was the political authority of the Jewish National Movement in Palestine. The most important political document ever adopted by the ANC is the Freedom Charter. d) Up to the time of my arrest, Liliesleaf farm was the headquarters of neither the African National Congress nor Umkhonto. No, I’m not suffering from a terminal disease (as far as I know). I have great respect for British political institutions, and for the country's system of justice. The first newspaper cutting I wish to refer Your Lordship to is the Rand Daily Mail of the 22nd of December 1961. 1h 25min | Documentary | 5 July 2009 (South Africa) Add a Plot » Director: Lindy Wilson. The accused in this case, My Lord, were arrested on the 12th of July 1963, according to the report and presumable for acts which are, were alleged to have been committed during the period prior to the 12th of July 1963. This meeting has been referred to in “X”'s evidence. There had been violence in 1957 when the women of Zeerust were ordered to carry passes; there was violence in 1958 with the enforcement of Bantu Authorities and cattle culling in Sekhukhuneland; there was violence in 1959 when the people of Cato Manor protested against pass raids; there was violence in 1960 when the Government attempted to impose Bantu Authorities in Pondoland. This January, put your resolutions on hold and … The Government's answer was to introduce new and harsher laws, to mobilize its armed forces, and to send Saracens, armed vehicles, and soldiers into the townships in a massive show of force designed to intimidate the people. I, and nineteen colleagues, were convicted for the role and this conviction was under the Suppression of Communism Act although our campaign had nothing to do with communism, but our sentences were suspended, mainly because the Judge found that discipline and non-violence had been stressed throughout. I have already admitted that these documents are in my writing, and I acknowledge that I made these studies to equip myself for the role which I might have to play if the struggle drifted into guerrilla warfare. Your Lordship will probably remember this matter. The whites and blacks were moving into separate camps, and the prospects of avoiding a civil war were diminishing. But the hard facts were that fifty years of non-violence had brought the African people nothing but more and more repressive legislation, and fewer and fewer rights. Here is Nelson Mandela's 'I am prepared to die' speech, which he gave from the dock during the Rivonia Trial, Pretoria Supreme Court, 20 April 1964. The allegation as to the ANC is false. The text of the entry was as follows: The text of the entry was as follows: Topic. We already had examples in South African history of the results of war. April 20, 2011 – April 20, 2011 marks the 47th anniversary of Nelson Mandela’s speech from the dock in the Rivonia Trial in which he said he was prepared to die for a democratic, non-racial South Africa. According to figures quoted by the South African Institute of Race Relations in its 1963 journal, approximately forty per cent of African children in the age group between seven and fourteen do not attend school. This speech is powerful and full of literary devices. One of their early acts, after coming into power, was to stop subsidies for African school feeding. If the Court is in doubt about this, it will be seen that the whole history of our organisation bears out what I have said, and what I will subsequently say, when I describe the tactics which Umkhonto decided to adopt. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and South Africa’s first post-apartheid President (1994-1999). I must add that whilst abroad, I had discussions with leaders of political movements in Africa and discovered that almost every single one of them, in areas which had still not attained independence, had received all forms of assistance from the socialist countries, as well as from the West, including that of financial support. One of the chief allegations in the indictment is that the ANC was a party to a general conspiracy to commit sabotage. After all, I was born in Umtata, forty-six years ago. We discussed ideological and practical questions, the Congress Alliance, Umkhonto and its activities generally, and his experiences as a soldier in the Palmach, the military wing of the Haganah. And Ghanaian soldiers, as far as I am aware, received training in the United Kingdom. After the Emergency this phrase stuck, and was used to describe certain of the ANC Committees in that area. Here's how it will work, Pacific Island farm workers arriving in Victoria will boost harvests, but they 'won't be enough', Disability advocates urge Linda Reynolds to immediately scrap NDIS independent assessments, Coalition could be decades away from achieving gender parity in lower house, modelling suggests, More than 150 people are now dead following wild wet weather in Indonesia and Timor-Leste, Adelaide's Uighur community fears new Chinese consulate building will lead to monitoring. Although it does not seem to have much relevance, I deny that I was taken to the meeting by the taxi driver John Tshingane, and I also deny that I went to the sea with him. They defended the policy on the ground that from its inception the ANC was formed and built up, not as a political party with one school of political thought, but as a Parliament of the African people accommodating people of various political views –convictions, all united by the common goal of national liberation. Some of the things so far told to the Court are true and some are untrue. Watch: UFC fighter suffers sickening broken nose "You have to let go of everything. Africans arrested after the two incidents are alleged members of the Poqo organisation. Although there is a universal condemnation of apartheid, the communist bloc speaks out against it with a louder voice than most of the western world. It's a very short article, My Lord, I will read it. Please select the editions you would like to sign up to. But we in Umkhonto weighed up the whites' response with anxiety. The discrimination in the policy of successive South African Governments towards African workers is demonstrated by the so-called 'civilized labour policy' under which sheltered, unskilled Government jobs are found for those white workers who cannot make the grade in industry, at wages far, which far exceed the earnings of the average African employee in industry. On my return to the Republic, I made a strong recommendation to the ANC that we should not confine ourselves to Africa and the Western countries, but that we should also send a mission to the socialist countries to raise the funds which we so urgently needed. The avoidance of civil war had dominated our thinking for many years, but when we decided to adopt sabotage as part of our policy, we realised that we might one day have to face the prospect of such a war. I will also deal with the relationship between the African National Congress and with the part which I personally have played in the affairs of both organisations. I believe that communists have always played an active role in the fight by colonial countries for their freedom, because the short-term objects of communism would always correspond with the long-term objects of freedom movements. For thirty-seven years – that is until 1949 – it adhered strictly to a constitutional struggle. I realise that it is one of the main means by which people of all races can be drawn into our struggle. Similarly in the underground resistance movements which sprung up in Europe during the last World War, communists played an important role. They were alleged to have threatened a watchman, after telling him they wanted to steal garments from the shop. He showed that the average monthly wage is R32.24 and that forty-six per cent of all African families in Johannesburg do not earn enough to keep them going. Add to library » Discussion 9 » Follow author » Share . The caption is: “Forty-three held in petrol bomb incident. And I assume that that will cover the period of the indictment. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. An article that appears on the front page – the caption, My Lord, reads as follows : “We bombed two pylons, group claims” And then I just wish to refer Your Lordship just to two passages: “The bombing of two power pylons at Rembrandt Park, Johannesburg, on Wednesday night was claimed as the work of the National Committee for Liberation in a typewritten document on a sheet of common writing paper, put into the Rand Daily Mail Christmas Fund Jackpot box during Wednesday night or early yesterday.” And then the penultimate passage in the article reads as follows: “The statement said that the NCL was not aligned with [“the Assegai of the Nation” –inaudible] – I presume My Lord, that it is the Spear of the Nation, which is the translation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. As I have just explained, administrators would be necessary who would be willing and able to administer a non-racial state and so men, and so would men be necessary to control the army and police force of such a state. This pattern of co-operation between communists and non-communists has been repeated in the National Liberation Movement of South Africa. h) I told the Regional Committee that I had not visited Cuba but that I had met that country's ambassadors in Egypt, Morocco and Ghana. [tape seems to jump] [We viewed] the situation with alarm. During the second half of the year I started visiting the Parktown home of Mr. Arthur Goldreich, where I used to meet my family privately. Children wander about the streets of the townships because they have no schools to go to, or no money to enable them to go to school, or no parents at home to see that they go to school, because both parents, if there be two, have to work to keep the family alive. When I went to gaol in 1962, the dominant idea was that loss of life should be avoided. g) It was in this context that I discussed New Age and its criticism of the Egyptian government. Click here to see the last page from the speech from the dock. The Legacy of "I Am Prepared to Die" Mandela could have been sentenced to death but was not. Follow SBS News to join in the conversation and never miss the latest live updates. In other words, My Lord, there were a number of bodies which, during the period of indictment planned and carried out acts of sabotage. I always regarded it as a separate organisation and endeavoured to keep it as such. I am a convicted prisoner serving five years for leaving the country without a permit and for inciting people to go on strike at the end of May 1961. Umkhonto remained a small organisation recruiting its members from different races and organisations, and trying to achieve its own particular objectives. We all accept the need for some form of socialism to enable our people to catch up with the advanced countries of the world and to overcome their legacy of extreme poverty. And how many more Sharpevilles could the country stand without violence and terror becoming the order of the day? I had had many debates with him on the role the Communist Party can play at this stage of our struggle. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. I saw him on several occasions at Liliesleaf farm, and on one of the last of these occasions he was busy writing with books around him. g) Before I went on my tour of Africa, I lived in the room marked twelve on Exhibit A. We want to be allowed to travel in our own country and to seek work where we want to, where we want to and not where the Labour Bureau tells us to. It is a struggle of the African people, inspired by our own suffering and our own experience. In this respect the ANC's policy corresponds with the old policy of the present Nationalist Party which, for many years, had as part of its programme the nationalisation of the gold mines which, at that time, were controlled by foreign capital. After he was released from prison she gave the signed copy of the speech to Mr Kathrada who donated it to the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. It was increasingly taking the form, not of struggle against the Government – though this is what prompted it – but of civil strife between pro-government chiefs and those opposed to them conducted in such a way that it could not hope to achieve anything other than a loss of life, and bitterness. Ex ample of the Regional Command in Durban tactics and targets and was used to certain. Part of the results of my personal views I discussed new Age as by! 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