the meaning of india

[79] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west. (2016) page 11, Latika Chaudhary, "Determinants of primary schooling in British India. [109][110] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north. [52] [407] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family elders. In Sanskrit, the word is namah (to bow) and te (you), meaning “I bow to you.” In, other words, "greetings, salutations, or prostration to you." [184] Notable endemics are the vulnerable[196] hooded leaf monkey[197] and the threatened[198] Beddom's toad[198][199] of the Western Ghats. [427] In its more modern form, it has been used to cover the head, and sometimes the face, as a veil. The 2011 census reported the religion in India with the largest number of followers was Hinduism (79.80% of the population), followed by Islam (14.23%); the remaining were Christianity (2.30%), Sikhism (1.72%), Buddhism (0.70%), Jainism (0.36%) and others[m] (0.9%). [290] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[295] In 2011, India was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter. [427] The sari is tied around the waist and knotted at one end, wrapped around the lower body, and then over the shoulder. [429] In southern India, however, the traditional draped garments were to see much longer continuous use. [318][319] The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from ₹204.4 billion (Indian rupees) to ₹235.24 billion (US$3.94 billion at June 2013 exchange rates). [27][disputed – discuss] In Hindu belief it is the name of the sage Vasishtha's wife, who is identified with the star. Someone who cares for there friends and family and likes others who are family oriented". [111][112] The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire. By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism,[29] [438] The sleeves of a traditional kurta fall to the wrist without narrowing, the ends hemmed but not cuffed; the kurta can be worn by both men and women; it is traditionally collarless, though standing collars are increasingly popular; and it can be worn over ordinary pyjamas, loose shalwars, churidars, or less traditionally over jeans.[438]. [415] Deaths resulting from dowry, mostly from bride burning, are on the rise, despite stringent anti-dowry laws. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from India's communist parties. It has a spiritual significance of negating or reducing one's ego in the presence of another. [335][336], With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census report,[337] India is the world's second-most populous country. [323] Under the World Bank's later revised poverty line, it was 21% in 2011. [274] The official Indian defence budget for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP. [124] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India. Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters. India (Hindi: Bhārat), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[23] is a country in South Asia. The first Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix featured in late 2011 but has been discontinued from the F1 season calendar since 2014. [222][223][224], India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India—the country's supreme legal document. Indian cuisine consists of a wide variety of regional and traditional cuisines. [361] Over the following centuries a distinct Indian style of sculpting the human figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than ancient Greek sculpture but showing smoothly-flowing forms expressing prana ("breath" or life-force). [101] This renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite. [273], The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.395 million active troops, they compose the world's second-largest military. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially from each other, using locally available spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruit. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory. [201] The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. [126] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas like education, social reform, and culture. [449] Among these groups, strong discomfort is felt at thoughts of eating meat,[450] and contributes to the low proportional consumption of meat to overall diet in India. "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. [229][230], The Government of India comprises three branches:[232], India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories (listed below as 1–28 and A–H, respectively). A tea garden in Sikkim. [292] India has been a member of WTO since 1 January 1995. [428] It too is tied around the waist and wrapped. In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in India. [288] Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest, unfolding as the language of the Rigveda, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India. This was caused in large part by an entrepreneurial response among people from the Punjab region who had been displaced by the 1947 partition of India, and had arrived in India as refugees. In food served in restaurants in urban north India, and internationally, the diversity of Indian food has been partially concealed by the dominance of Punjabi cuisine. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol. [454] [449], Cricket is the most popular sport in India. Eight years later, and three years after India's last case of polio, the, The population density of India by natural divisions, based on the Indian census of 1901, Population density of India by each state, based on the Indian census of 2011, The prevailing religions of South Asia based on district-wise majorities in the 1901 census, From top left to bottom right (a) Women (from l. to r), From top, left to right: (a) South Indian vegetarian. [459], The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country. [38] [439] The kurtas worn by young men usually fall to the shins and are seldom plain. [298], Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,[290] India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century. [469], Coordinates: 21°N 78°E / 21°N 78°E / 21; 78, This article is about the Republic of India. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. [36] [113] Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,[114] and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards. [436] [368] But in the South, under the Pallava and Chola dynasties, sculpture in both stone and bronze had a sustained period of great achievement; the large bronzes with Shiva as Nataraja have become an iconic symbol of India. The ancient Greeksreferre… Looking for the definition of INDIA? [447], A notable feature of Indian food is the existence of a number of distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents. Meanings Biblical Names Meaning: In Biblical Names the meaning of the name India is: Praise, law. Its government lasted just over two years. [120] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. [187] It predominates in the temperate coniferous forest of the Himalayas, the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India. Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis, or "castes". The Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao. [84][85] The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. Its GDP per capita is higher than Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan and others. [337] The median age was 27.6 as of 2016[update]. India has substantially reduced its rate of poverty, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality. A 2010 map shows India's forest cover averaged out for each state. India is a nuclear-weapon state, which ranks high in military expenditure. [105] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well. (ˈɪndɪə ) noun. [396] India has a theatre training institute the National School of Drama (NSD) that is situated at New Delhi It is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. [164] Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range lies the Thar Desert. [376] Vernacular architecture is also regional in its flavours. In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in south India. [366] Gupta art, at its peak between about 300 CE and 500 CE, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hindu sculpture, as at the Elephanta Caves. [399] The Hindi language film industry (Bollywood) is the largest sector representing 43% of box office revenue, followed by the South Indian Telugu and Tamil film industries which represent 36% combined. Supriya Nair July 24, 2017. The name India is derived from the word Indus which itself derived from the old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu. [278] In May 2017, the Indian Space Research Organisation launched the South Asia Satellite, a gift from India to its neighbouring SAARC countries. [380] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage". The Mughal Empire, in 1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace,[41] [79] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism,[80] were composed during this period,[81] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain. [179][180] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall. In regards to married women, a simple red dot on the forehead symbolizes marriage, love and prosperity while a black one signifies the death of the partner. People in India … [104] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences. Many people have argued that American Indian is not the correct term for our people who are the original inhabitants of the Americas. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of Bangladesh. Bindu is considered the point at which creation begins and may become unity. [106] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation. [468] India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. [398] Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, and Telugu languages. [148] The railway network provided critical famine relief,[149] notably reduced the cost of moving goods,[149] and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. [l][325] 30.7% of India's children under the age of five are underweight. [26] [416], Many Indian festivals are religious in origin. The word bindu dates back to the hymn of creation known as Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda Mandala 10. In 1921 the rates 7%, 12% and 2%. India contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened animal species, or 2.9% of endangered forms. [461][462] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded internationally include badminton[463] (Saina Nehwal and P V Sindhu are two of the top-ranked female badminton players in the world), boxing,[464] and wrestling. [466], India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the 1987, 1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; the 2010 Commonwealth Games; and the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. [203] India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[204] four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention. [49] [326] According to a Food and Agriculture Organization report in 2015, 15% of the population is undernourished. [248] Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%. Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. [119] The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[121] and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[122] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011,[338] compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001). India's land is megadiverse, with four biodiversity hotspots. (natural rubber) (matière naturelle) caoutchouc nm nom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951,[50] Critically endangered species include: the gharial, a crocodilian; the great Indian bustard; and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle. [383] Major works of Sanskrit literature include the Rigveda (c. 1500 BCE – c. 1200 BCE), the epics: Mahābhārata ( c. 400 BCE – c. 400 CE) and the Ramayana ( c. 300 BCE and later); Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā, and other dramas of Kālidāsa ( c. 5th century CE) and Mahākāvya poetry. Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the union and the states. Of or relating to India or the East Indies or to their peoples, languages, or cultures. In recent years, it has played key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organization. [175] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,[44] but technological changes were introduced, and ideas of education, modernity and the public life took root. [218] Again in the 2004 Indian general elections, no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). [327][328] The Mid-Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates. India was the source of four of the world's chief religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism— and was home to an early civilization around the the Indus Valley from c.2600 BC. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. [358] Thousands of seals from the Indus Valley Civilization have been found, usually carved with animals, but a few with human figures. [155] Economic liberalisation, which began in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[156] and increased its geopolitical clout. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in this … Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. [410] Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age. [439] The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger women, who favour churidars or jeans. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. Statistically, more caste and religious diversity reduced private spending. [379] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the "absolute". In 1891 they were 5%, 9% and 1%,[419][420] According to Latika Chaudhary, in 1911 there were under three primary schools for every ten villages. After the 1965 war with Pakistan, India began to pursue close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier. [282], According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Indian economy in 2019 was nominally worth $2.9 trillion; it is the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is around $11 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). [445] Rice, which requires a lot of water, has been grown traditionally in regions of high rainfall in the northeast and the western coast, wheat in regions of moderate rainfall, like India's northern plains, and millet in regions of low rainfall, such as on the Deccan Plateau and in Rajasthan. [373] As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by Company painting by Indian artists with considerable Western influence. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. [261] India conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 1974 and carried out additional underground testing in 1998. [274] The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India rubber n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. Following public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. For other uses, see, Area controlled by India shown in dark green; regions claimed but not controlled shown in light green, India by population density, religion, language, Foreign, economic and strategic relations, (left) A map of India in 1022 CE; (right), Clockwise from upper left: (a) India in 1525 at the onset of, Clockwise from top left: India under British, Before a monsoon storm, fishing boats are lashed together in a, A 1909 map showing India's forests, bush and small wood, cultivated lands, steppe, and desert. The Indian pharmaceutical market is expected to reach $48.5 billion by 2020. [359] After this there is a long period with virtually nothing surviving,[360] after which almost all surviving ancient Indian art is in various forms of religious sculpture in durable materials, or coins. [145] There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines,[146] and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians. English Baby Names Meaning: In English Baby Names the meaning of the name India is: The country India. [374] In the 19th century, cheap Kalighat paintings of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban folk art from Calcutta, which later saw the Bengal School of Art, reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the first movement in modern Indian painting. [367] Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after about 800 CE, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues. The Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. [346] According to the 2011 census, there are 53 million-plus urban agglomerations in India; among them Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, in decreasing order by population. Examples and Observations "In India, English has been in use for more than four centuries, first as the language of the early merchants, missionaries and settlers, later as the language of the British colonial power, and finally--after India's independence in 1947--as … Looking for online definition of INDIA or what INDIA stands for? [302] India's consumer market, the world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030. [280] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean. Indian foodways have been influenced by religion, in particular Hindu cultural choices and traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire. [391] In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. [372] The style spread to Hindu courts, especially among the Rajputs, and developed a variety of styles, with the smaller courts often the most innovative, with figures such as Nihâl Chand and Nainsukh. [75] These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,[76][75] the first urban culture in South Asia,[77] which flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and western India. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. The Meaning of Namaste . [343] Yet, in 2001, over 70% still lived in rural areas. [274] The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people. [453] Rice grown to the southwest of the Mughal capital, Agra, which had become famous in the Islamic world for its fine grain, was partially cooked and layered alternately with the sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce what has today become the Indian biryani,[453] a feature of festive dining in many parts of India. In white-collar office settings, ubiquitous air conditioning allows men to wear sports jackets year-round. [300] Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness, as of 2010[update], India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs. [39] Vastu shastra, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[377] explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;[378] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs. [439] The dhoti, the once universal garment of Hindu India, the wearing of which in the homespun and handwoven form of khadi allowed Gandhi to bring Indian nationalism to the millions,[440] [444], The cereals grown in India, their choice, times, and regions of planting, correspond strongly to the timing of India's monsoons, and the variation across regions in their associated rainfall. The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. [422] India had over 900 universities, 40,000 colleges[423] and 1.5 million schools. Ethnologue, produced by the Christian evangelist organisation SIL International, lists 461 tongues for India (out of 6,912 worldwide), 447 of which are living, while 14 are extinct. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas.

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